ISA 401/501: Business Intelligence & Data Visualization

class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide

.title[
# ISA 401/501: Business Intelligence & Data Visualization
]
.subtitle[
## 19: Charts Used Time-Series, Spatial and Spatiotemporal Data
]
.author[
### <br>Fadel M. Megahed, PhD <br><br> Enders Associate Professor <br> Farmer School of Business<br> Miami University<br><br> <a href="https://twitter.com/FadelMegahed"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;fill:white;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M459.37 151.716c.325 4.548.325 9.097.325 13.645 0 138.72-105.583 298.558-298.558 298.558-59.452 0-114.68-17.219-161.137-47.106 8.447.974 16.568 1.299 25.34 1.299 49.055 0 94.213-16.568 130.274-44.832-46.132-.975-84.792-31.188-98.112-72.772 6.498.974 12.995 1.624 19.818 1.624 9.421 0 18.843-1.3 27.614-3.573-48.081-9.747-84.143-51.98-84.143-102.985v-1.299c13.969 7.797 30.214 12.67 47.431 13.319-28.264-18.843-46.781-51.005-46.781-87.391 0-19.492 5.197-37.36 14.294-52.954 51.655 63.675 129.3 105.258 216.365 109.807-1.624-7.797-2.599-15.918-2.599-24.04 0-57.828 46.782-104.934 104.934-104.934 30.213 0 57.502 12.67 76.67 33.137 23.715-4.548 46.456-13.32 66.599-25.34-7.798 24.366-24.366 44.833-46.132 57.827 21.117-2.273 41.584-8.122 60.426-16.243-14.292 20.791-32.161 39.308-52.628 54.253z"></path></svg> <span class="citation">@FadelMegahed</span></a> <br> <a href="https://github.com/fmegahed/"><svg viewBox="0 0 496 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;fill:white;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"></path></svg> fmegahed</a> <br> <a href="mailto:fmegahed@miamioh.edu"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;fill:white;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M476 3.2L12.5 270.6c-18.1 10.4-15.8 35.6 2.2 43.2L121 358.4l287.3-253.2c5.5-4.9 13.3 2.6 8.6 8.3L176 407v80.5c0 23.6 28.5 32.9 42.5 15.8L282 426l124.6 52.2c14.2 6 30.4-2.9 33-18.2l72-432C515 7.8 493.3-6.8 476 3.2z"></path></svg> fmegahed@miamioh.edu</a><br> <a href="https://calendly.com/fmegahed"><svg viewBox="0 0 384 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;fill:white;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M202.021 0C122.202 0 70.503 32.703 29.914 91.026c-7.363 10.58-5.093 25.086 5.178 32.874l43.138 32.709c10.373 7.865 25.132 6.026 33.253-4.148 25.049-31.381 43.63-49.449 82.757-49.449 30.764 0 68.816 19.799 68.816 49.631 0 22.552-18.617 34.134-48.993 51.164-35.423 19.86-82.299 44.576-82.299 106.405V320c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h72.471c13.255 0 24-10.745 24-24v-5.773c0-42.86 125.268-44.645 125.268-160.627C377.504 66.256 286.902 0 202.021 0zM192 373.459c-38.196 0-69.271 31.075-69.271 69.271 0 38.195 31.075 69.27 69.271 69.27s69.271-31.075 69.271-69.271-31.075-69.27-69.271-69.27z"></path></svg> Automated Scheduler for Office Hours</a><br><br>
]
.date[
### Fall 2022
]

---

# Recap of Assignment 14

Let us discuss why the majority of submitted solutions to [Assignment 14](https://miamioh.instructure.com/courses/179812/assignments/2241032) are incorrect. Here is an example of [incorrect_submission](https://miamioh.instructure.com/courses/179812/files/25834964?module_item_id=4065700).

---

# Learning Objectives for Today's Class

- Understand main goals behind visualizing time-series data

- Explain the different types of charts for univariate and multivariate time-series

- Explain the different types of spatial plots

- Select suitable spatial graphs for different scenarios

- Understand how spatiotemporal plots can help in storytelling (what makes BI special)

---
class: inverse, center, middle

# Types of Data Over Time

---

# Cross Sectional Data

**Cross Sectional Data:** Measurements on multiple units, recorded in a single time period.

**Example 1:** H1B 2020-2022 Data for Senior Data Scientists at Netflix

<div id="htmlwidget-87cab8bda1575bae9276" style="width:100%;height:auto;" class="datatables html-widget"></div>
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.footnote[
<html>
<hr>
</html>

Data scraped from <https://h1bdata.info/index.php?em=Netflix+Inc&job=Senior+Data+Scientist&city=LOS+GATOS&year=All+Years> on October 25, 2022 using the [rvest](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rvest/rvest.pdf) <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:gold;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M50.73 58.53C58.86 42.27 75.48 32 93.67 32H208V160H0L50.73 58.53zM240 160V32H354.3C372.5 32 389.1 42.27 397.3 58.53L448 160H240zM448 416C448 451.3 419.3 480 384 480H64C28.65 480 0 451.3 0 416V192H448V416z"/></svg>. The printing was limited to those individuals who started on/after January 01, 2020, with the filters specified in the URL.
]

---
count:: false
# Cross Sectional Data

**Cross Sectional Data:** Measurements on multiple units, recorded in a single time period.

**Example 2:** NBA 2022-2023 Leaders - Top Players in PTS/Game

<div id="htmlwidget-5b4c815591ff9cd694d6" style="width:100%;height:auto;" class="datatables html-widget"></div>
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class=\"display\">\n  <thead>\n    <tr>\n      <th> <\/th>\n      <th>Player<\/th>\n      <th>Pos<\/th>\n      <th>Age<\/th>\n      <th>Tm<\/th>\n      <th>G<\/th>\n      <th>FG<\/th>\n      <th>FG%<\/th>\n      <th>eFG%<\/th>\n      <th>PTS<\/th>\n    <\/tr>\n  <\/thead>\n<\/table>","options":{"pageLength":5,"dom":"tip","scrollX":true,"fixedColumns":{"leftColumns":2},"columnDefs":[{"className":"dt-right","targets":[3,5,6,7,8,9]},{"orderable":false,"targets":0}],"order":[],"autoWidth":false,"orderClasses":false,"lengthMenu":[5,10,25,50,100]}},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>

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**Source:** Data scraped from  <https://www.basketball-reference.com/leagues/NBA_2023_per_game.html}{Basketball-Reference> on October 25, 2022 using the [rvest](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rvest/rvest.pdf) <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:gold;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M50.73 58.53C58.86 42.27 75.48 32 93.67 32H208V160H0L50.73 58.53zM240 160V32H354.3C372.5 32 389.1 42.27 397.3 58.53L448 160H240zM448 416C448 451.3 419.3 480 384 480H64C28.65 480 0 451.3 0 416V192H448V416z"/></svg>. The printing was limited to the selected variables.
]

---

# Time Series Data

**Time Series Data:** Comparable measurements recorded on a single (or a few) variables over time (usually a long period of time).

**Example 2:** Stock prices of U.S. Airlines

---

# Panel Data

**Panel Data:** Cross sectional measurements (usually many variables) repeated over time (usually over a few time periods).

**Example:** World Bank's Data

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.footnote[
<html>
<hr>
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**Source:** Data queried from the [World Bank Data](https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/) using the [wbstats](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/wbstats/wbstats.pdf) <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:gold;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M50.73 58.53C58.86 42.27 75.48 32 93.67 32H208V160H0L50.73 58.53zM240 160V32H354.3C372.5 32 389.1 42.27 397.3 58.53L448 160H240zM448 416C448 451.3 419.3 480 384 480H64C28.65 480 0 451.3 0 416V192H448V416z"/></svg> in R. The printed results show a snapshot of 7 variables (out of a much larger panel dataset). You can think of panel data as a cross-sectional dataset with a longitudinal/time component.
]

---
class: inverse, center, middle

# Components of a Time Series

---

# Trend

A **trend** is an increasing or decreasing pattern over time.

---
count:false
# Trend

A **trend** is an increasing or decreasing pattern over time.

---

# Seasonality

**Seasonality** refers to the property of a time series that displays REGULAR patterns that repeat at a constant frequency (*m*).

---

# Cycle

**Cyclical fluctuations** are somewhat irregular (unknown duration).

---
class: inverse, center, middle
# The Goals Behind Visualizing (Time Series) Data

---

# Exploratory vs Confirmatory Viz Goals

> _Visualizations can be used to explore data, to confirm a hypothesis, or to manipulate
a viewer. . . In exploratory visualization the user does not necessarily
know what he is looking for. This creates a dynamic scenario in which interaction
is critical. . . In a confirmatory visualization, the user has a
hypothesis that needs to be tested. This scenario is more stable and predictable.
System parameters are often predetermined._ -- [(Grinstein and Ward 2001, 22)](https://www.google.com/books/edition/Information_Visualization_in_Data_Mining/rYFvnyPRwkgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Grinstein%2C%20Georges%20G%2C%20and%20Matthew%20O%20Ward.%202001.%20%E2%80%9CIntroduction%20to%20Data%20Visualization.%E2%80%9D%20In%20Information%20Visualization%20in%20Data%20Mining%20and%20Knowledge%20Discovery%2C%20edited%20by%20Usama%20Fayyad%2C%20Georges%20G%20Grinstein%2C%20and%20Andreas%20Wierse%2C%2021%E2%80%9345.%20San%20Francisco%2C%20CA%3A%20Morg&pg=PA22&printsec=frontcover)

---

# A Structured Approach for Time Series Viz

<div class="figure" style="text-align: center">
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#../../figures/ts_plots_flow_chart.png" alt="A Potential Framework for Time Series Visualization" width="100%" />
<p class="caption">A Potential Framework for Time Series Visualization</p>
</div>

.footnote[
<html>
<hr>
</html>

This is my best attempt to improve on the general advice provided in the previous slide. Many of the suggestions, presented in this flow chart, stem from my past and current research/consulting collaborations. They are by no means a comprehensive list of everything that you can do.
]

---

# Singular TS

---

# Looking for Trends

---

# Looking for Seasonality

---

# Multiple TS: Scatterplots

---

# Multiple TS: Scatterplot Matrix

---

# Multiple TS: Panel Plots

---

# Spaghetti Plots (Often w/ Clustering)

---

# Summary Plots (Often w/ Clustering)

---
class: inverse, center, middle

# Spatial Plots

---

# Choropleth Maps

Maps where areas are **shaded, colored, or patterned** relative to a data attribute value.

<div class="figure" style="text-align: center">
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#../../figures/ch1.png" alt="Charles Dupin's Illiteracy in France Choropleth, created in 1826" width="40%" height="40%" />
<p class="caption">Charles Dupin's Illiteracy in France Choropleth, created in 1826</p>
</div>

---
count: false

# Choropleth Maps

Maps where areas are **shaded, colored, or patterned** relative to a data attribute value.

<div class="figure" style="text-align: center">
<div id="htmlwidget-30e6b3eeb9730c84e540" style="width:100%;height:400px;" class="leaflet html-widget"></div>
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people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Alaska<\/strong><br/>1.264 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Arizona<\/strong><br/>57.05 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Arkansas<\/strong><br/>56.43 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>California<\/strong><br/>241.7 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Colorado<\/strong><br/>49.33 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Connecticut<\/strong><br/>739.1 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Delaware<\/strong><br/>464.3 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>District of Columbia<\/strong><br/>10065 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Florida<\/strong><br/>353.4 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Georgia<\/strong><br/>169.5 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Hawaii<\/strong><br/>214.1 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Idaho<\/strong><br/>19.15 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Illinois<\/strong><br/>231.5 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Indiana<\/strong><br/>181.7 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Iowa<\/strong><br/>54.81 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Kansas<\/strong><br/>35.09 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Kentucky<\/strong><br/>110 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Louisiana<\/strong><br/>105 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Maine<\/strong><br/>43.04 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Maryland<\/strong><br/>596.3 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Massachusetts<\/strong><br/>840.2 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Michigan<\/strong><br/>173.9 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Minnesota<\/strong><br/>67.14 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Mississippi<\/strong><br/>63.5 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Missouri<\/strong><br/>87.26 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Montana<\/strong><br/>6.858 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Nebraska<\/strong><br/>23.97 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Nevada<\/strong><br/>24.8 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>New Hampshire<\/strong><br/>147 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>New Jersey<\/strong><br/>1189 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>New Mexico<\/strong><br/>17.16 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>New York<\/strong><br/>412.3 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>North Carolina<\/strong><br/>198.2 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>North Dakota<\/strong><br/>9.916 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Ohio<\/strong><br/>281.9 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Oklahoma<\/strong><br/>55.22 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Oregon<\/strong><br/>40.33 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Pennsylvania<\/strong><br/>284.3 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Rhode Island<\/strong><br/>1006 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>South Carolina<\/strong><br/>155.4 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>South Dakota<\/strong><br/>98.07 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Tennessee<\/strong><br/>88.08 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Texas<\/strong><br/>98.07 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Utah<\/strong><br/>34.3 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Vermont<\/strong><br/>67.73 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Virginia<\/strong><br/>204.5 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Washington<\/strong><br/>102.6 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>West Virginia<\/strong><br/>77.06 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Wisconsin<\/strong><br/>105.2 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Wyoming<\/strong><br/>5.851 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>","<strong>Puerto Rico<\/strong><br/>1082 people / mi<sup>2<\/sup>"],{"interactive":false,"permanent":false,"direction":"auto","opacity":1,"offset":[0,0],"textsize":"15px","textOnly":false,"style":{"font-weight":"normal","padding":"3px 8px"},"className":"","sticky":true},{"color":"#666","weight":5,"fillOpacity":0.7,"dashArray":"","bringToFront":true}]},{"method":"addLegend","args":[{"colors":["#FFFFCC","#FFEDA0","#FED976","#FEB24C","#FD8D3C","#FC4E2A","#E31A1C","#B10026"],"labels":["0 – 10","10 – 20","20 – 50","50 – 100","100 – 200","200 – 500","500 – 1,000","1,000 – Inf"],"na_color":null,"na_label":"NA","opacity":0.7,"position":"bottomright","type":"bin","title":null,"extra":null,"layerId":null,"className":"info legend","group":null}]}],"limits":{"lat":[17.929556,71.351633],"lng":[-188.90491,-65.626797]}},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
<p class="caption">Population Density in U.S.</p>
</div>

---

# Cartograms

A cartogram is a map in which **areas are scaled and distorted relative to a data
attribute value**

<div class="figure" style="text-align: center">
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#../../figures/cart1.png" alt="The First Cartogram – Emile Levasseur, 1868" width="40%" height="40%" />
<p class="caption">The First Cartogram – Emile Levasseur, 1868</p>
</div>

---
count: false

# Cartograms

A cartogram is a map in which **areas are scaled and distorted relative to a data
attribute value**

<div class="figure" style="text-align: center">
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#../../figures/cart2.png" alt="The NYT's U.S. House Election Results 2018" width="50%" height="50%" />
<p class="caption">The NYT's U.S. House Election Results 2018</p>
</div>

---

# Proportional Symbols Map

<div class="figure" style="text-align: center">
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#../../figures/prop1.png" alt="The NYT's U.S. Coverage of the Bush Vs Kerry Presidential Elections" width="70%" height="70%" />
<p class="caption">The NYT's U.S. Coverage of the Bush Vs Kerry Presidential Elections</p>
</div>

---
count: false

# Proportional Symbols Map

<div class="figure" style="text-align: center">
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#../../figures/prop4.png" alt="The NYT's U.S. Coverage of 2009 Super Bowl" width="63%" height="63%" />
<p class="caption">The NYT's U.S. Coverage of 2009 Super Bowl</p>
</div>

---
class: inverse, center, middle

# Spatiotemporal Maps

---

# Spatiotemporal Maps

<div class="figure" style="text-align: center">
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#../../figures/crash_anim.gif" alt="A visualization of car crashes in the Cincinnati metro area"  />
<p class="caption">A visualization of car crashes in the Cincinnati metro area</p>
</div>

---
count: false
# Spatiotemporal Maps

<div class="figure" style="text-align: center">
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#../../figures/animatedVaccineMap.gif" alt="COVID vaccination rates per county as reported by the CDC" width="70%" height="70%" />
<p class="caption">COVID vaccination rates per county as reported by the CDC</p>
</div>

---
class: inverse, center, middle

# Software Demo

---

# Exploring the Cincy Crashes Dataset

Let us use Tableau to explore the [cincy_2021_crashes.csv](https://miamioh.instructure.com/courses/179812/files/25834856?module_item_id=4065679), where we will create the following:

- A calculated field titled `unique_count`

- A plot of the total number of unique crashes per day

- A table of number of unique crashes by week day

- An animated symbols map

---
class: inverse, center, middle

# Recap

---

# Summary of Main Points

- Understand main goals behind visualizing time-series data

- Explain the different types of charts for univariate and multivariate time-series

- Explain the different types of spatial plots

- Select suitable spatial graphs for different scenarios

- Understand how spatiotemporal plots can help in storytelling (what makes BI special)